Comparison of Tolerance in Various Faiths

Examination of Tolerance in Various Faiths Resilience as an aptitude and a disposition to life has gotten basic for the very endurance of mankind. One of the aftermaths of the much examined globalization process is the interest to meet, work and live with individuals of very surprising society,.. ethnicity and foundations. How one deals with this heterogeneity of societies and lire styles is extremely vital for the endurance of mankind. In 1995 when UNESCO proclaimed the year as a time of Tolerance, the reason in fact was to uncover the significant levels of prejudice showed everywhere throughout the world. UNESCO called for training for resilience to counter the impacts that lead to dread and avoidance of others. The most critical thing about the entire exercise was the acknowledgment of the way that the decent variety of our universes numerous religions, dialects, societies and ethnicities isn't a guise for strife, yet is a fortune that improves us aI1.(UNESCO,1995). Similarly as religion and different beliefs have made narrow mindedness, they additionally have the assets and the key bits of knowledge and practices to assemble an open minded world. This paper is an endeavor to feature how different beliefs and religions can add to the structure of resilience on the planet on the loose. It will take a gander at the setting of the conversation, different strict beliefs and quest for shared characteristics that manufacture resistance. Mutilations likewise should be distinguished. The contention of the paper is that the center of any strict confidence advances resilience and subsequently the battle is to hold dedicated profoundly of strict religions and practices. THE CONTEXT: A MULTI-RELIGIOUS SOCIETY India is known for its assortment of religions. It is in reality the support of world religions. Being the origin of numerous strict conventions and an interminable wellspring of profound motivation and direction, Indian is viewed as a wellspring of otherworldly help. It is fascinating that everybody with regards to India, notwithstanding a little minority formally proclaim a religion, however they may not be rehearsing it. Table 1. India Land of Religions Hindus 80 percent Muslims 14 percent Christian 2.4 percent Sikh 2 percent Buddhists 0.7 percent J ains 0.5 percent Others 0.4 percent Religion not expressed 0.07 percent It is just a little area who doesn't freely attest any strict alliance. It is as yet a normal encounter that individuals from the West rush to India searching for profound direction and satisfaction. Simultaneously, strict fundamentalism and ensuing mutual disharmony have become regular experience as well. Mutual mobs have become an ordinary element, obliterating the very harmony that religion attempts to assemble and keep up. There are claims that in three to five years there were 37,000 collective mobs in the nation (Hussain, 2002). The truth of the matter is that there is shared disharmony made by the fundamentalist gatherings in different religions and abetted by political interests. Religion by its very nature works for congruity. Can these religions recapture their unique motivation for concordance and harmony? Getting Religion It is critical to comprehend religion in its unique significance. Broadly, religion is a particular arrangement of conviction about divinity, regularly including customs, a code of morals and a way of thinking of life. This definition incorporates the entirety of the extraordinary monotheistic religions, Eastern religions, neopagan religions, a wide scope of other confidence gatherings, profound ways, and moral frameworks, convictions about the presence of Gods and goddesses.(Glock and Stark, www.hewett.norfo/k.sch.uk/curric/soc/reliqion/re/1.htm) Five center elements of religion Five center elements of religion as recorded by Glock and Stark (on the same page.) are the accompanying: The conviction result The training result ritualized venerate The information measurement data and information about the convictions The result measurement influencing conduct The desire experience Expectations with respect to and experience or through supplication. Constantly every strict framework contains these segments of conviction, customs, data and information, social outcomes and the desires that control the entire framework. At the early stage level religions meet up or can vibe with one another in the territories of desires and encounters. At the conviction levels, especially the stubborn enunciations, the ceremonies, or the conduct customs, there are probably going to be decent varieties. A short glance at significant religions Hinduism: Hinduism is the universes third biggest religion, after Christianity and Islam. It guarantees around 837 million supporters, for example 13 percent of the universes populace. Geologically, it is the prevailing religion in India, Nepal and among the Tamils in Sri Lanka. As indicated by the Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches there are about 1.1 million Hindus in the U.S. A progressively precise gauge might be 7, 66,000 Hindus in 2001 in the U.S. furthermore, in Canada 1,57,015. As the universes most seasoned composed religion, Sanathana dharma, is most popular for its resistance. It is this religion which gave enough opportunity for its supporters to think on its fundamental standards. It even acknowledged and acknowledges the important ideas from different religions. The Rig Veda announces, Let the information originate from all the headings. It is this free idea and resilience that permits the presence of numerous controls under this huge tree each regarding each other. Hinduism is additionally the universes biggest pluralistic convention. A variety of otherworldly ways and ways are perceived as substantial in Hinduism. Hinduism did not depend on the lessons of a solitary prophet or a solitary book. The lessons of a wide range of sages and holy people discover home inside Hinduism. God might be revered both in male and female structures. Hinduism shares much for all intents and purpose with the earth based strict customs ofthe world. Buddhism has the attributes of what might be normal in an inestimable religion for what's to come. It rises above an individual God, evades authoritative opinions and religious philosophy. It covers both the characteristic and otherworldly, and it depends on a strict sense yearning from the experience of all things, normal and profound, as an important solidarity. It encourages that all presence is enduring, that enduring is conceived of want and that opportunity from anguish, Nirvana, can be accomplished by following the eightfold way that consolidates moral conduct, intelligence and mental order, including contemplation. It has discovered supporters in generous number of individuals. Christianity as a religion centers around the Fatherhood of God, and fellowship of man. Jesus and his life structure the reason for Christian confidence. The life, passing and restoration of Jesus Christ are the methods by which God spares the world. Christianity is a method of conviction, love and life described by affection. With an expected 2.1 billion followers in 2001, Christianity is the universes biggest religion. It is the overwhelming religion in Europe, the Americas, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Philippine Islands, Australia, and New Zealand and is spreading generally in Asia, China and South Korea. In spite of the fact that Christianitys relationship with the colonization of the world has given it an alternate face, Christianity too like different religions conveys a center of resilience and love. Islam is a monotheistic religion which began with the educating of the Prophet Muhammad, a7th century Arab strict and political pioneer. Today, Islam is the second biggest religion, and has about 1.4 billion supporters, spread over the world. Islam stresses accommodation to the desire of God. Etymologically it implies harmony, acknowledgment accommodation and all out acquiescence of ones self to God. The awesome disclosure was conveyed to the world through Muhammad, the prophet, the last one. The Koran, the conventions, Hadith and the way of life of Muhammad, Sunna control the life of a Muslim. For Islam, there is no god yet God, Allah and Muhammad the prophet, is the missionary. Judaism proliferates monotheism. The early stage understanding of this network is the pledge appointment of Israel to be the bearers of this conviction. Divine amazing quality, God as the ground of all presence, moral origination of God, worry for singular good culture, universalism, political decision for administration, and the solidarity of history in the reason for God are a portion of the fundamental precepts of this antiquated religion of the Jewish individuals. The act of Judaism has been set apart by the investigation and recognition of the laws and instructions uncovered by God and as written in the Torah, just as those found in the Talmud. Around 14 million adherents make Judaism the universes eleventh biggest sorted out religion. Looking for the normal and the Universal Religions have added to the tranquility of the world, yet they have additionally prompted division, scorn, and war. Strict individuals have time after time sold out the high goals they themselves have lectured. Accordingly individuals have felt obliged to call for earnest demonstrations of contrition and shared absolution, both by and by and by and large, to each other, to mankind when all is said in done, and to Earth and all living beings.(UNESCO, 1994) The facts demonstrate that religions can make a significant commitment to a rising society of harmony and concordance. The commitment the religions can make to a rising society of harmony and amicability is to search out what is normal, or all inclusive in all the religions. In any case, finding an all inclusive ground whereupon the different religions could relate is tricky when it is endeavored at the degree of conviction or belief system or in the doctrinal circle. (Teasdale, Wayne and UNESCO, 1994) Strictness partitions, Spirituality joins together In talking about religion as an instrument of harmony and congruity, one needs to make this differentiation between strictness, which just can separation, and otherworldliness which can join all adherents. Strictness centers around the distinctions, while otherworldliness accentuates what is normal. Otherworldliness gives significance to life and reality. It uncovers the importance of li

Consumer Behaviour of an Asian Multicultural-Free-Sample for Students

Questions: Examine about the Consumer conduct of an Asian multicultural family in setting of Woolworths bunch in Australia. Answers: Presentation Woolworths bunch is the noticeable Australian organization which have broad retail mindfulness in significant pieces of Australia and New Zealand. In any case, it has been positioned as the second highest by income in Australia. Notwithstanding the above it is likewise commented as greatest takeaway alcohol retailer, biggest inn and wagering poker machine employable in the area. The gathering was established on 22 September 1924 and it has been consummation of 93 years till the date (Woolworths Group, 2018). The fundamental activities subcategorised under Woolworths bunch are markets (Australia and New Zealand), alcohol retailing business (as Dan Murphys and BWS in Australia), different bars just as inns under the head of Australian Leisure and Hospitality bunch abridged as ALH Group and cut-rate retail chains in the Big W name in Australia. This report centers upon Woolworths branch which is situated at Princess Highway, Dandenong South in Australia. The shopper for Woolworth in Dandenong is chosen as an Asian multi-social family and the relative customer conduct is examined and broke down in detail. Multicultural families from intercontinental regions make Australia a migration country. The people foundation are liberated from each race, religion, culture, confidence or country having a place. Rather the common estimations of majority rule government, equity, opportunity and rule of law just as regard are depended upon. The presence of prejudice and segregation is nil (Kymlicka, 2012). Asian multicultural family is fundamentally the family which the roots in Asian nations however now dwelling in Australia inside the layer of its multicultural assorted variety. Effect of culture factors on buyer conduct There has been a huge effect of culture winning inside a specific gathering which denotes the relative purchaser conduct. It comprises of implicit molds, qualities and standards, handles, guidelines for commenting, evaluating, trusting and teaming up. The aforementioned case is the equivalent existing in an Asian multicultural family dwelling in Australia. Moreover, there is additionally an effect emerging from reference bunch which comprise of outer companion or familial gathering each among giving particular and clashing data (Marsiglia, 2010). To impact the multicultural focused on showcased, advertisers utilize the strategies of market region and micromarketing (Durmaz, 2014). The objective characterized is to convey accurately the advertising messages which would upgrade the shoppers need and information with respect to presence and utilization of fluctuated items and administrations. Key components of social qualities on purchaser conduct The components inside worth are freedom, independence, accomplishment and self-satisfaction. Some are talked about beneath: Force separation It is fundamentally the relationship to endeavor a greater amount of intensity on the less influential person. The resultant result is the augmentation of social separation in the middle of less and all the more remarkable characters (Nayeem, 2012). Obviously, it features the level of tyranny in the way of life. As the family chose is multi-social, the presence of intensity separation is low which thusly in bring about positive buyer conduct as purchasing propensities are assorted and autonomous. Independence The level of relationship in the middle of the individual and collectivistic gatherings which wins in the general public. In nations of high IDV, the personality is coordinated on the independence though in the zone of low-threw IDV nation it is totally founded on social framework. The choices of people are grounded on the affinities of the gathering (Billing, Bhagat, Babakus, Srivastava, Shin Brew, 2014). American has multiculturalism which is the foundation of independence subsequently the individuals are allowed to adhere to their separate decisions and intrigue, which additionally brings about a greater amount of deals. Manliness It is contracted by the initials of MAS. The male dominancy is aligned with the highlights of hostility, predominance, self-governance and display. On the opposite the female nature has the attributes of supportiveness, affiliation, unobtrusiveness and nurturance. The distinction lies in the direction of higher MAS society which is riches situated and the adversary is individuals engrossed. Likewise, in the regions of higher MAS, there is separated sex jobs while in the lower MAS; it is a greater amount of liquid in nature (Mcahit, 2011). With the group of multicultural nature in Australia, it is relied upon to have less of manliness. Rather there is legitimate and balance proportionate in the sexual orientation of family and their relative specialists just as duties. Vital ramifications of multifaceted and worldwide impact The higher is the overall quality of social distinguishing proof, the more noteworthy is the level of inclination to purchase items and administrations related with the way of life or multicultural condition. The people are bound to embrace the social convictions and qualities which are explicit to the starting point of host nation (Bian Forsythe, 2012). In like manner Australia has the substance of multiculturalism; accordingly the wanderers from rest of the world get received with the encompassing society and condition. So as to impact the buyers of multicultural commonness, the advertiser must address the message with the various attributes which will compare to the level of cultural assimilation. Howsoever, with regards to Asian multi-association family the advertising message must be directed towards the element of both host and beginning nation which legitimizes the particular societies Source: Ajzen, 2007 Effect of social class on purchaser conduct Each general public incorporates some positive sort of social class inside which is unmistakable to the advertisers in light of the fact that a definitive purchasing conduct of given class is comparative in nature. Anyway the social class doesnt have just pay factor as a segment, rather different factors likewise have long haul repercussions, for example, riches, occupation and training and so forth. (Dubois, Rucker Galinsky, 2015). Essentially the investigates have uncovered the nearness of six classes inside the social structure map perspective on different little just as enormous urban areas. These are referenced underneath Upper high society Lower high society Upper-white collar class Lower-white collar class Average workers Lower class The class rankings are the result of occupation, training, pay earned, area of living arrangement just as family foundation. The investigation of social class ends up being conspicuous in deciding the determination or inclinations of value, kind and style of different durables required (Hugstad, Taylor Bruce, 2013). Moreover in the spotlight of Woolworths bunch the decisions of various alcohol, ocean bottom and different consumables rely upon the social class of different Asian multi-social families living in the close by locale. The customer conduct is additionally expected to be influenced by the selection of media utilization, source validity, language design predominant and extent of shopping conduct. Impact of social class in Consumer Behavior Social classes are the gathering of person who share normal intrigue, qualities, conduct and legend which are generally progressing and homogeneous. Social classes articulate the level of inclination in apparel, diversion, outfitting, food and gaming exercises over specific items and brand. The distinction additionally lies in selection of media among extreme customers (Gifford Nilsson, 2014). The upper gave class search for books and periodicals while sub class bunch are the casualties of TV. Inside the substance of TV likewise, the hole lies in the decision of news and dramatizations from movies and sports among upper and lower class correspondingly. Segments of social class The quantum of nine factors have emerged starting at generally significant in the tributary of sociological and other examination frightened with social class. Monetary factors: The pay, occupation notwithstanding the riches is of unmistakable nature. The salary earned by the individual chooses the use example of the separate family. The transient sound position is an indispensable segment of everyday living. Collaboration factors: The factors of individual distinction connected is key constituent of social class as the individuals inside the recognized gathering are cognizant with respect to the picture and eminence they hold in the general condition (Bargh, 2013). The level of affiliation and socialization additionally has long haul repercussion which approves the associations in the general public. Political factors: Generally, the privileged appreciates the most noteworthy need if there should arise an occurrence of evaluation of intensity. The positioning of class chooses the measure of intensity delighted in inside the specific gathering. Portability is additionally the principal angle in understanding the gathering political part of separated framework (Teney Hanquinet, 2012). In what perspectives social class can impact customer conduct On the general marvel, each general public separates its all-inclusive individuals into the degree of social classes based on their contemporary qualities. The individuals inside a similar social class section the sketching out of regular qualities related in the parts of talking, thinking and carrying on (Foxall, 2014). Subsequently, individuals like to cooperate and work their dealings inside the separate gatherings. Additionally in Asian nations cause the class differentiations are very clear and status contrasts are likewise enormous. The exact examination from the exploration expresses that small kids begin to learn practices and picking up propensities for day by day way of life from the social class of perceived family. In like manner, the privileged foundation has besides the more grounded inclinations in the selection of brands and is increasingly sure. On the opposite note, lower status favor the buy from nearby market where there is nearness of simple credit strategy and w ell disposed administrations. Proposals Buyers favor the spots whi

Happy Belated Hearts Day

Happy Belated Hearts Day Like Anna H. ‘14 blogged a while ago, as my time has gotten more precious I’ve stripped away hobbies and for-fun activities and learned what I can and cannot leave behind. I’ve realized over the past year that some of the things that seem the most puntable are the things that make me me, have always made me me. One of my New Year’s resolutions has been to reconnect with the good parts of the person I was before MIT and reestablish some continuity of selfâ€"to read, to go for walks, to look people in the eye and put down electronics when we talk, to go to bed and get up at the same time and have breakfast every day. Some things are still missingâ€"skiing and then ???????? for dinner, forests and rivers and mountains, stars and quiet nightsâ€"but I’m trying to build what I can build from a distance. Here’s one of the stories my parents tell about the person I was as a child. We had just moved to the United States. I had just learned English, and I had absorbed the consumerist ideal of an American Christmas in my American preschool (in the Soviet Union, Christmas was absolved of parties and presents and replaced with New Year’s). I was indignant at the lack of a consumerist Christmas in my newly American family’s home, so I directed my parents through what I had learned to be the appropriate motions: the purchase of the tree and the presents, the wrapping of the presents, the inviting of all my Russian friends and their confused Russian parents. I’m very attached to some material traditions, like lights and wrapped presents at Christmas and New Year’s and Old Russian Christmas and Old Russian New Year’s, candles on Hanukkah, candy and costumes on Halloween, and cards on Valentine’s. It’s not that traditions disappear in college, but they’re up to you and the peo ple around you to keep them going, which is hard when you’re focused on keeping yourself going. Valentine’s Day was awesome. Boston has been snowing sideways and up. Over the past week the view from my room has looked like this: And here’s Killian, on campus (the snow is entire-leg deep on some parts of the lawn):       Another one of our (mine with Cory’s support) New Year’s resolutions has been to eat healthier food that costs less money, with a weekly exception on Sundays to blunt the approaching week. For Valentine’s Day we moved our cheat day to Saturday and had clam chowder (which is apparently a very Boston food) and Lady Grey tea and maple walnut muffins.   I wanted to give my friends Valentine’s Day cards, but the ones we used to give out in elementary school are apparently (now that it’s my money) really expensive, especially since my class isn’t sized 30 people like it used to be and apparently  scratch and sniff  is trendy. A few evenings ago I drew a card, digitized it, and printed it out in bulk. Then I cut out heart stickers and glued them on so they could be reused, because that’s the kind of thing I would have liked as a kid. Some reflections: My left wrist hurt like crazy from folding. Writing physical notes is really fun. Stamps and envelopes are really fun. Glue tastes kind of sweet. I think I missed an important memo. Amazingly, one glue stick was enough for everything. I had a wonderful day copy/pasting in the physical world. Hopefully next up is a charcoal sketching kit and book my mom gave me for Christmas (which a young girl who seemed about the age of my inner self complimented me on at the airport, so I know it’s awesome). Cory and I delivered the on-campus ones just after dark, which because of the snow was still light, large snowflakes floating down around us, snow several feet deep, with piles of it taller than us on the edges of the sidewalk, squirrel tracks on the surface of the snow, bunnies probably thinking they’re camouflaged in the skeletons of the bushes, snow mobiles circling like predators. It was the most lovely walk. Here’s the card I mailed home to Pennsylvania, and the other 120-something in the whole group:     Since Valentine’s Day was on a Saturday you could plausibly still celebrate it today (or even Tuesday, if you don’t have school today). My little brother, who is small but not very small, reports that he only heard the phrase Valentine’s Day twice in school on Friday, that both times were during homeroom announcements, and that there weren’t cards or candy, which is suboptimal. If you want to use my cows to wish some of your friends a happy  belated Hearts Day this week, especially if you’re a  grownup  or otherwise not in elementary school, you can download them as a pdf here  (or make your own if you have time). Print them out. Fold hamburger, then perpendicular to hamburger. Cut out and glue a heart sticker  as a balloon for the top left cow on the inside (or just draw or color a heart (or tape a wrapped candy or chocolate if you’re really awesome)). That’s all. Go spread cheer. Happy belated Hearts Day!

Steroids Abuse in Baseball - 1746 Words

Steroid Abuse Hurts Baseball The abuse of steroids among players in Major League Baseball is corrupting the image of Americas Pastime as well as endangering the health of those who use the illegal substances. The lack of testing and punishment for the use of illegal substances like steroids in the Major Leagues portrays a negative image to aspiring young athletes. They see their role models using steroids and becoming better athletes rather than seeing suspensions for the illegal behavior or the negative health effects. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic substances which increase skeletal muscle growth and increase male hormone production. Steroids are legal only through prescription. They are often prescribed for ailments†¦show more content†¦In fact, the details of the new policy reveal that the penalty for a first offense can be either a suspension or a fine of $10,000 or less; that there is no public identification of players who are fined instead of suspende d; and that even if players are suspended, the public disclosure is limited to the fact of their suspension with no official confirmation that the player tested positive for steroids (Davis, np). The committee also questions the leagues decision for who supervises the drug testing: Under the new Major League Baseball policy, many key implementation decisionsÂ… are to be made by a four-person committee that includes Robert D. Manfred, Jr., Major League Baseballs Executive Vice President, Labor and Human Resources, and Gene Orza, the Chief Operating Officer and Associate General Counsel of the Major League Players Association. According to the policy, some of these decisions must be made unanimously, giving both Major League Baseball management and the players union a veto (Davis, np). Another question brought up in the letter is the Anti-Oversight Clause: The new policy contains an extraordinary provision that in the event of a governmental investigation relating to drug testing of players, all testing Â… shall be suspended immediately. The suspension will remain in effect until the government investigation is withdrawn, the league and players union have successfully resisted an investigation at the trial court level, or bothShow MoreRelated Steroid Abuse Hurts Baseball Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Abuse Hurts Baseball   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The abuse of steroids among players in Major League Baseball is corrupting the image of America?s Pastime as well as endangering the health of those who use the illegal substances. 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Freedom of Speech The Engel Vs Vitale Case Essay example

Freedom of speech was a big topic spoken about in the 1950’s and even today. Schools in the 1950’s had to recite a specific prayer every morning in school not like today. Students had to recite the â€Å"twenty two word regents prayer†. The Engel Vs Vitale case has to do with separation of church and state, meaning that there should be a separation between peoples views on religious freedom and the government. In the first amendment, Thomas Jefferson introduced this law and rule during the colonies but then this later evolved into the United States, where into the 1950’s became a huge debate on who was right and who was wrong. The Supreme Court case Engel v. Vitale expanded the rights of Americans because the Supreme Court ruled in favor of†¦show more content†¦Petitions were filed and New York State upheld the case and then sent it to the Supreme Court(Britannica School High paragraph 2). A couple of the families were Jewish, another family was atheist, one parent was Unitarian and the last parent was of an ethical culture society. The Parents were to believe that the school was violating the first amendment of the constitution and this was not right; that according to Thomas Jefferson there should be a separation of state and church. Never before had the public school board been argued against with prayer like issues ( Haas, pg 7-20). The Supreme court case started in 1959 and ended in 1962, surprising the whole nation. One of the most historic most remembered cases was announced on June 25th, 1962 giving a lot of people anxiety and releasing a lot of stress. The voting came out to six votes to one vote in favor of Engel and the students ending the eight second prayer called the â€Å"Regents Prayer†. 2 votes were unsolicited, because Justice Byron R. White was a new Justice and did not think it was right to vote right on admittance to the system. 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The bill of rights in terms of scope in civil liberties protection has changed by three paths such three paths are increased in authority of federal government, the Supreme court shifted its interpretation of constitutionalRead More1st and 2nd Amendment1723 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The First and Second Amendments of the United States Constitution On September 25, 1789, The Bill Of Rights was submitted to the states for approval, based on the previous Constitutions insufficient assurances for civil freedom, liberties and justice. Concerned that the Constitution neglected to clearly state the basic civil rights of the citizens of the United States, Anti- Federalists opposed the Articles of Confederations, which gave state governments more authority (â€Å"Bill of Rights, n.dRead MorePrayer in Public Schools894 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficult to bring forth any kind of change that will bridge the gap between school and religion. There have been several attempts over the years to use the power of the first amendment of the United States constitution which expresses the right to freedom of speech and religion to justify prayer in schools. Although the first amendment clearly sets out to protect religion from government intervention, the U.S Supreme court has ruled prayer in public school â€Å"unconstitutional† because it violates the separationRead MoreThe First Ammendment and Dealing with the Separation of Church and State1741 Words   |  7 Pagespersonal freedoms in the United States has been significantly important (Klinker, 1991: 109). The original Constitution did not contain a bill of rights because the convention delegates felt that individual rights were in no danger and would be protected by the states. However, the lack of a bill of rights was the strongest objection to the ratification of the Constitution (Klinker:109-110). Even in the early stages of American history there was an urge to put legally protected freedoms into writtenRead MoreAp Government Chapter 15 Study Guide1893 Words   |  8 Pagesreferred to as â€Å"negative rights†) are freedoms that are guaranteed to an individual. These are restraints on the gov. Civil liberties declare what the government cannot do. d. Civil rights (â€Å"positive rights†) are powers and privileges that are guaranteed to the individual and protected against arbitrary removal at the hands of the gov or individuals. Like the right to vote or free expression and stuff. 3. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion in two clauses: e. TheRead More Prayer in Public School Essay3032 Words   |  13 Pagesschool, despite the fact that prayer is actually substantial. The First Amendment of the U.S Constitution states Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for the redress of grievances (Greenberg). This first amendment protects both believers and nonbelievers from government interference in theirRead MoreThe Supreme Law Of The Land1989 Words   |  8 Pagesor original understanding of its provisions, betray the rule of law and make a mockery of their oath of fidelity to the Constitution. Justice Scalia was the epitome of an originalist. He was known for his colorful but bold dissenting opinions in cases which usually included a debate about inalienable rights. As mention earlier Scalia believed many judges gave citizens rights which they were not granted by the United States Constitution. For example: Roe v. Wade, the Court ruled in a majori ty opinionRead MoreThe Separate But Equal Doctrine Is Plessy V. Ferguson Essay2095 Words   |  9 Pagesthe American society were that (1) schools were segregated,(2) the whites finally accepted the equality of African Americans, (3) the American society was changed forever after this case, (4) the whole U.S. acts differently towards cases that involve mixed genders now, and (5) Strict laws were changed because of this case. B. Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States

The inflammatory phases of Atherosclerosis Free Essays

Abstract Aim – This review describes recent investigations in to the impact of atherosclerosis on the vessel using four inflammatory stages eventually leading to cardiovascular complication. Research in to atherosclerosis has intensified globally as it has become one of the main reasons for increased mortality among individuals particularly within western societies. Inflammation has been established as the principal concept due to it stimulating progressive lesion development. We will write a custom essay sample on The inflammatory phases of Atherosclerosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result it is known as a chronic inflammatory disorder. Numerous cellular and molecular inflammatory mediators participate in the formation, development and rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque. Several experimental studies have demonstrated that monocyte- derived macrophages as well as T-lymphocytes are the most distinctive cells to accumulate within progressive plaques and induce the production of pro-inflammatory components, more recently, potential anti-inflammatory mediators have been identified in the inflammatory response. The rate of progressive plaque development varies in different types of people. Risk factors increase the development of this condition and promote the occurrence of physical symptoms on the patient. Conclusions – (1) Inflammation attacks arteries systematically within phases and (2) the significance of the role of inflammatory molecules, linking inflammation to atherosclerosis. Introduction The management of cardiovascular diseases has significantly improved, however it is still not clearly understood as to why atherosclerosis remains the leading pathological cause of both morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Atherosclerosis is known to be a type of arteriosclerosis, but in addition to the hardening and narrowing of the arteries, cholesterol begins to deposit within their walls. It is a multifactorial disease which includes build up of atheromatous plaque and accumulation of more complex lesions within the arterial walls specifically in the intimal layer leading to the rupture of these vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques (Skjot-Arkil et al, 2010). This process is initiated in childhood and according to the results of PDAY (pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth study), visible symptoms of atherosclerosis will occur between ages of 15-54 years (McGill et al.2007). Furthermore this disease can occur in both medium and large sized arteries including the aorta, carotid artery and even the smaller coronary arteries. Due to the fact that it affects multiple arterial locations, it can then lead to clinical diseases such as coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction. Jongstra et al. (2006) demonstrated that within the intima of VCAM-1 positive mice, local chronic inflammation predisposed to atherosclerosis. This provided further evidence to support previous studies that inflammation participates in the atherosclerotic process. Consequently, inflammation is progressively involved in the plaque formation, resulting in an inevitable stenosis (Vidal-Vanaclocha, 2009). Numerous epidemiological studies have revealed many risk factors that accelerate atherosclerosis development including age, male gender, obesity, smoking, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Moreover, a recent study (Holvoet et al, 2007) found that a positive correlation exists between an increased amount of oxidised LDL and the quantity of calcium built up in the coronary artery. Therefore showing that increased amount of oxidised LDL is a unique risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. The factors that facilitate this plaque formation are inflammatory mediators. As the endothelial cell is activated, this results in expression of many cell surface adhesion molecules including cytokines, chemokines, monocytes, immunoglobulins. These promote endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis as well as inducing foam cell formation with the assistance of macrophages. However, the functional mechanisms of cytokines in initiating and prolonging atherosclerosis are still not clearly un derstood. Aims To explore the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis To explore the mechanisms of inflammatory cell recruitment and accumulation within the plaque. To explore the function of various different mediators in this process, including both pro and anti-inflammatory mediators. Rationale of the aims To investigate the effects of the inflammatory cycle on arteries using atherosclerosis as the central condition. Hence, following the aims and objectives of the literature review, an overview of numerous meta-analyses of mediator involvement in this process is provided. This would be performed by reviewing the most relevant literature for the past five years using Pubmed, Science direct and Google Scholar. Table 1 Methodical reviews on the involvement of inflammatory components within the development of atherosclerosis. Type of componentMediatorExperimental sourceInflammatory effectEffect on AtherosclerosisAuthor, year ImmunoglobulinICAM-1Human plasma Human aortic SMC Human aortic endothelial cells^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Bielinski et al, 2008 Burton et al, 2009 Roth et al, 2007 ImmunoglobulinVCAM-1Human plasma Human aortic endothelial cells^ ^ ^ ^ Bielinski et al, 2008 Roth et al, 2007 CytokineTNF-alphaAPoE-/- micev v Bhaskar et el, 2011 CytokineIFN-gammaHuman RNA^ ^ Niedzielska and Cierpka, 2010 CytokineM-CSFHuman platelets^ Siezer et al, 2010 CytokineIL-6Human aortic endothelial cells Human Plasma APoE-/- mice^ ^ v ^ ^ v Roth et al, 2007 Hoshi et al, 2008 Bhaskar et al, 2011 CytokineIL-1 (beta)Human aortic SMC APoE-/- mice ^ ^ ^ ^ Burton et al, 2009 Bhaskar et al, 2011 ChemokineCXCL16Human and murine macrophages APoE-/-^ ^ ^ Lehrke et al, 2007 Wen-Yi et al, 2011 ChemokineCXCR6Human and murine macrophages^ ^ Lehrke et al, 2007 LigandCD40 LHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells^ ^ Chakrabarti et al, 2010 Monocyte ProteinMCP-1Human aortic endothelial cellsAPoE-/- mice^ v ^ v Roth et al, 2007 Bhaskar et al, 2011 Toll-like receptorTLR-2^ Doherty et al, 2006 How to cite The inflammatory phases of Atherosclerosis, Essay examples

Mary Shelly free essay sample

She didnt seem to have a clear worldview nor a Biblical worldview. Throughout the book Mary Shelley mentioned God, Man, and Nature. Whereas mentioning her view though the book was hard, for as the book was written about a madman who had created life into something that was lifeless. Since her worldview seems to be unclear, her view of God seems to be the same. Mary Shelleys view of God seems to be very unclear. Although when the monster was telling Frankenstein about growing and learning from other humans—he had found books and read them. In one of these books the monster learned about our omnipotent God. He felt like Adam, from the Bible, and he him self had a lot in common. But that soon changed when he realized that his creator, Frankenstein, had no love for him as our God cares for us. Mary Shelley, through her books, shows her view of God as loving and how he cares for his creation. We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Shelly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Frankenstein made the monster when he was not ready for the responsibility for his destruction. What could not be expected in the country of eternal light? asks Walton. The Bible saying we need to be a light for the Lord. Although Mary Shelley most likely was talking about Walton and his love for science, but as a person of faith—the country of eternal light seems to be heaven. Man, as Mary Shelly pictured him, is being a light for what they love. Genesis 6:6 says, So the Lord was sorry He had ever made them and put them on the earth. It broke His heart. God was disappointed He had ever made man. Mary Shelley shows that same disappointment when Frankenstein made his monster. Frankenstein showed love for this being he had made, and then the beauty he saw in his monster vanished when he realized that what he had made was bad. Frankenstein had said he was not mad, he proclaimed that he had discovered the cause of life—by giving life into a lifeless matter. Although knowin g that God created man and no other being is as all-powerful as He, Mary Shelley’s view on nature was very different from what we know. Although earlier saying that Mary Shelley’s view was unclear, if viewing her book with a Biblical worldview it is easier to comprehend the writers worldview. The problem with her worldview on God was there wasnt much mentioned about Him. Mary Shelley sometimes through out the book mentioned things about God, heaven, or nature. When the monster spoke of God and the devil—he was telling Frankenstein about the similarities between Adam and himself, also between Victor and God. God wasnt really mentioned about as an all-powerful God as we know Him. Mary Shelleys worldview seems to be somewhat Biblical yet not so much.

biological impoverishment

Nowhere on earth is the threat of biological impoverishment because of deforestation greater than in the Amazon Basin of South America. The Amazon supports approximately 300 million hectares of tropical forest, the largest single area of tropical forest communities in the world (Fig. 2). Estimates of global biodiversity point to the tropics as the source of 50 to 90% of all species on Earth (Wilson 1992); the richest forests often support over 300 tree species per hectare, approximately the same number of tree species in all of North America. Recent estimates of deforestation suggest that between 1 to 3 million hectares are being cleared annually in the Amazon Basin (Lawrence 1997; Fig. 3). Based on estimates of 1% annual tropical forest loss, the Amazon may be losing as many as 11 to 16 species per day (Wilson 1989), and the resulting ecosystems are often highly degraded (Buschbacher 1986). The deforestation of Amazonia presents a challenging study of the interactions among people, their values, and the environment. Is deforestation in the Amazon any different than what occurred in industrialized Europe and North America centuries past? Should Amazonians develop their lands as they see fit? Do peasant farmers actively clearing forests value their environment any differently than world conservation organizations, you, or I? What does the world stand to lose by watching the destruction of tropical forests? These are some of the most hotly debated environmental questions today, leading to several international conventions like the recent United Nations Convention on Biodiversity at the Rio de Janeiro "Earth Summit" in 1992. Factors leading to rapid tropical deforestation Why are tropical forests being cleared in the Amazon Basin at such an alarming rate? Historically, deforestation has been caused by the interaction of many factors, seven of which are presented here for simplici...

What To Do When Your Writers Turn In Bad Posts

What To Do When Your Writers Turn In Bad Posts A few years ago, I had a side job moonlighting as an editor for a fairly successful app review and Apple rumors website. I was one of several editors, and I had about 10 freelance authors assigned to me. The skill levels of the various writers ranged widely, but one particular author stood out. Well call him Mike. The good thing I can say about Mike is that he was consistent. Unfortunately, the thing he was most consistent at was being a terrible writer. As if that wasnt enough, he was a prolific writer. Sometimes, Id step away from the computer to return an hour later to 3 or 4 more terrible posts marked as ready for review. The best way I can describe Mikes writing is with a word picture. Imagine the awful, awkward wailing sound that would assault your earholes if you were to steamroll a pile of bagpipes. It was like that, but for the eyes. Rules of basic grammar, spelling, logic, punctuation, and even common sense were all left bleeding on the floor with mortal wounds with every post he turned in. I probably would have felt sorry for Mike if I hadnt felt like he was torturing me. How to Handle the Mikes On your team, you may have your own Mike, but if the truth be told, sometimes we all have our Mike moments. If youre an editor, you are already well aware of this. So what should you do when someone on your team submits a real stinker? Here are a few tips. Be Gracious Some authors take their work more seriously than others and may require different handling, but you should always strive to be a gracious editor, slow to dole out a harsh word and quick to patience. If the post is terrible, it is important to ask yourself if this is a pattern with this author. If the answer is no, dont worry about it too much and just follow the advice below. But if it is a pattern, it may be time to reassess the value that author brings to your team. Is he creating more work for your editors? At one point, 85% of my time each night was spent on Mike. A bad author is like a plane flying with the landing gear down. Its just extra drag. Look for Silver Linings Believe me. I know that when a post is bad, its hard to focus on much else. But youre well-served to try to note the things the author did well before you launch into the negative. Note that this is not the same as patronizing or being insincere. In fact, if you genuinely cant find anything positive about the bad post, its better to move on than to make something up. What did the author do well? Was it an interesting idea that was just poorly put together? Was the intro or ending good, but just weak in the middle? Try to find the silver linings and you may be surprised to find how much more receptive the author is to hear your feedback. Be Honest I once heard an analogy about giving criticism. Its like throwing a brick because criticism is kind of heavy and no one really likes receiving it. Some people go out of their way to throw bricks because they just like to smash peoples feelings. On the other hand, some people hate giving criticism and their critique is just too mushy to be useful, which is more like throwing velvet. The happy medium is to throw the velvet brick. You want the criticism to be truthful, but easier to receive. So just as you should look for the silver linings (the velvet), you must also be honest. After all, as the editor, you are ultimately responsible for the content on your site. If something isnt working, and especially if it is part of a pattern, you owe it to your readers and even your brand to level with your author to let them know. You want your editorial criticism to be truthful, but easy to receive.Educate I have friends who constantly misuse then and than. For example, Red is better then green. Youve probably also noticed abuse of the word your and youre, as in Your going to regret that. The internet is full of these grammar abuses, and there is no shortage of grammar police who feel like these abusers evidently enjoy the word-equivalent of nails on a chalkboard. But most of the time, these are just honest mistakes. People forget grammar rules they learned in the 5th grade and just need a refresher. Be willing to carefully and constructively educate your authors who make these mistakes, especially the common ones. If they are good team members, they will want to help make your job easier. Educate them to self-edit, and they will do just that. Reevaluate Your Team Even though my mom didnt like when B.A. Baracus used the word fool, I used to love watching the 80s TV show, The A-Team when I was a kid. I liked the theme music, but I also kind of liked the idea that everyone on the team was a specialist at something. Hannibal was the brains and leader, Face was good with disguise, Murdock, though loopy, was a great pilot, and B.A. was the brute force because sometimes things just needed to be smashed. I attended a conference a couple of years ago where Dave Ramsey spoke on the importance of hiring a good team. He emphasized the importance of evaluating people thoroughly, even for the seemingly unimportant roles. His point was that everyone has a job to do, and you want to make sure you have the people on your team who have the skills to help get you there and not be a drag. We kept Mike for far too long. He wrote awful posts, and he came with a lot of drama that sucked down a lot of our time. It wasnt my call then, but we should have just let him go at the first signs of his resistance to be taught and improve himself. If you have an author that has a pattern of less-than-excellence, and honest criticism and education have not helped, its time to reevaluate. You probably have a C-member on your A-Team.

The purpose of this assignment is to broaden awareness of the cardiac

The purpose of this is to broaden awareness of the cardiac client, and to evaluate the relevance of the article to nursing practice - Assignment Example The benefits of nursing support have been documented by various studies, and it has been found that such nurse led educational and support programs lead to improved understanding of the disease and a greater awareness of lifestyle changes that can lead to faster recovery, and reduce the risks of recurrence. In recent times health professionals have been focusing on ways of rehabilitating patients with cardiac ailments, in order to help them return to a normal life at the earliest. Studies have shown that this is possible when patients understand their condition; its causes and the lifestyle changes that will enable them regain their health and prevent such events in future. Kadda states that â€Å"The significant role of integrating education in a rehabilitation programme has been widely acknowledged by all health professionals†. (Kadda, 2012, pg 635) The article gives new insights into the mental stresses under which cardiac clients labor and health professionals could use these insights into the management of cardiac patients. Many health professionals are unaware of the psychological stress under which a patient labors, because they consider it a normal reaction to the stress of acute myocardial infarction. The fear in the patient’s mind and that of close family members is not taken into account; hence the problem persists despite medication. The dispelling of this fear and the reassurance that the patient can look forward to going back to a normal life; if certain precautions are taken and certain lifestyle changes are brought about, can go a long way in a faster recovery and prevention of recurrence. The article emphasizes the importance of educating patients and their families. Although this is essential, it has not received due recognition among the medical fraternity. This is due to a lack of trained personnel to impart this education, or lack of time on the part of health professionals or even patients; and

If all the links in the Internet were to provide reliable delivry Essay

If all the links in the Internet were to provide reliable delivry service, would the TCP reliable delivery service be redundant, - Essay Example 2007). For instance, if workstation 1 is downloading a file from Workstation 2, after receiving a data packet, computer 2 sends an acknowledgement for receiving a packet to workstation 1. However, if workstation 1 do not receives an acknowledgement from workstation 2, TCP regenerates the packet again and send it to Workstation 2. In this way, the transmission is reliable and data is transmitted an in efficient manner. In a real world scenario, an executable file that is downloaded from the Internet must be complete in size in order to be operational and TCP is up for this task. Whereas, if any chunk of the executable file fails to download, it will not work and become corrupted. Whereas, User Datagram Protocol (UDP) a connection less protocol that is operational on a layer 4 of the OSI model. Likewise, UDP is not a reliable protocol for data transmission that supports transaction oriented services (User Datagram Protocol. 2007). However, UDP can be advantageous for application such a s live video streaming, VoIP services etc. likewise, if any frame is missed from a video, the video will still carry on resulting in high availability. Moreover, the response of UDP is faster, as no acknowledgment is made for every packet. Many of the functions of an adapter can be performed in software that runs on the node’s CPU. What are advantages and disadvantages of moving this functionality from the adapter to the node? As shown in fig 1.1, data link layer pertaining to the sender is responsible for hardware encapsulation. However, the source end is responsible for hardware valuation. Similarly, network layer pertaining to the sender is responsible for performing Network address translation (NAT). NAT is a method of mapping IP addresses from one group of users to another, at the same time ensuring transparency. Likewise, NAT is also used for privacy issues i.e. it cannot be used from the outbound network for security purposes (Network Address Translation. 2007). Moreov er, the receiver’s end on the network layer ensures network valuation, as shown in Fig 1.1. Moreover, the transport layer of both the sender and receiver’s end conducts port encapsulation and port valuation. Furthermore, session layer is responsible for establishing and terminating data sessions, followed by the presentation layer that ensures data compression and sequencing for both the sender’s and receiver’s end. However, there is a visible communication between the smallest program generating sequence and the amount of compression achieved (Sayood 2005) lastly, the presentation layer network interaction. Figure 1.1 A primary disadvantage comprises of computing a datagram from the application layer that relies on resources pertaining to central processing unit and memory integrated in a dedicated hardware i.e. Ethernet Adapter. However, an advantage would be to get more control of an application interacting with users that will work with dedicated hard ware resulting in a complex task. Moreover, software approach is more efficient for upgrading technology, as hardware upgrades only require a hardware replacement. Likewise, new hardware upgrades provide adequate abstraction for ensuring user protection. As illustrated in Fig 1.1, software based deployments require a large amount of metadata to analyze the requirements. As network access layer enforces overheads

Pain and pain management in the dying patient

Pain and pain management in the dying patient For many years there has been a question as to whether or not providing pain medication to a dying patient is ethical or not. This subject practices on what is considered morally ethical as well as medically ethical. Allowing a person to sit in pain at the end of life, hits as both medically and morally unethical. Especially, when health care professionals can manage and control the pain. There are many medical ethics principles as well as the directives that apply from the Catholic religion side of it. Some of the principles that will be discussed are the principle of double effect, informed consent, veracity, beneficence, non-malfeasance, extraordinary versus ordinary means, and proportionate and disproportionate means. This paper is going to discuss the ethical implications regarding the barriers that are encountered when administering pain medications to patients that are in the last part of the dying phase. It is my position that patients that are dying should receive pain medication as desired and expressed by the patient. The pain medications should be administered and titrated accordingly to maintain the appropriate therapeutic level to allow the patient to maintain his or her dignity. There are several barriers that arise when providing pain relief in the dying patient. The barriers include failure of clinicians to identify pain relief as a priority in patient care, insufficient knowledge among clinicians about the assessment and management of pain, fear of regulatory scrutiny of prescribing practices for opioid analgesics, failure of the healthcare system to hold clinicians accountable for pain relief, the persistence of irrational beliefs and unsubstantiated fears about addiction, tolerance, dependence, and adverse effects of opioids, and the resistance of patients and/or their family members to the use of opioid analgesics in the management of pain (Rich, 2000). The most common barrier is under treatment due to fear of hastening death. Assessing pain and the administration of pain medication in the dying client is very important. This nursing assessment is vital through all aspects of life but is also very important in the end of life to try and maintain as much of a persons autonomy and dignity as possible. AS in life people who are dying must also be able to have and make choices surrounding the way in which they choose to spend that last portion of their life. Before getting down to the ethical concerns of pain and pain management, it is important to define what pain is and how it is assessed. Pain and suffering is often linked together and some even use it interchangeably. However, there is a difference between the two. Pain is considered a negative and unpleasant sensory felt by the person that is inhibitory to the comfort of the person, it is considered to be mainly physical in nature (Kelly, 2004). Suffering is considered to be roughly the same as pain but the effects are more geared towards a persons spirituality and mentality (Kelly, 2004). The way in which people experience pain and suffering is different from person to person. Pain is a subjective experience and is to be assessed on an individual basis. There are many ways in which pain can be assessed. There are many different scales that are used to assess pain and each scale has different characteristics that allow health team members to be able to assess every type of person for which they care for. Some of the most common scales used are the descriptive scales in which you circle the word that best describes you ranging from none to excruciating, the numerical scale which is the most common scale used allows a person to say or circle a number that reflects the amount of pain they are in ranging from 0 being no pain to 10 being the worst pain they have ever felt. There is a also a visual analog scale that allows a person to mark a place on a line or pick out a face on a faces scale ranging from no distress/pain to worst pain ever. The last scale mentioned is one of the least used and it is the functional interference scale which allows a person to circle a word that best describes the persons degree of impairment ranging from n one to incapacitated. In addition to these subjective scales there has been evidence that has helped with the ability of healthcare professionals to be able to approach pain from an objective point of view. This approach has been divided up into four different categories: sympathetic discharge signs, positional relief signs, sensory avoidance signs, and common pain distraction signs. Some of the sympathetic signs associated with pain are tachycardia, high blood pressure, dilated pupils and vasoconstriction (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). There are several more approaches but this is just a few that are used in healthcare. Positional relief signs include; walking imbalanced, leaning while sitting or standing, lying on the floor, and differences in temperature between sides of the body (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). Sensory avoidance signs include; speaking slowly, delays answering questions, avoids noise, shallow breathing, and wont brush teeth (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). Some of the common pain distraction s igns include; grinding of teeth, clenching of feet and hands, bites lips, gouges or squeezing of skin (Leavitt and Tennant, 2008). The other aspect to consider is the type of pain medication being administered. When pertaining to the end of life the typical drug of choice are the ones that fall into the opioid family. These drugs are chosen for people that have pain that is moderate to severe in intensity and is unrelieved by non-opioid drugs. These drugs provide pain relief and can cause some adverse effects such as constipation, nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, fatigue and sometimes light sedation is amongst the most common effects. The amount and type is determined on an individual basis and prolonged use can lead to dependence and the need for increased dosages due to an increased tolerance for the desired therapeutic effect. The way in which drugs are chosen is divided into 3 steps as developed by the World Health Organization. Step one is when the pain is assessed as mild to moderate and has had no previous treatment and so non-opioid drugs are used such as tylenol, ibuprofen, and toradol (Cla sen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Step two is when the pain is measured at a moderate level and has been treated previously but has not responded to the treatments from step one, the medications used in step two are weak analgesics such as Tylenol with codeine, and tramadol (Clasen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Step three is considered when the pain is described as severe pain or pain that does not respond to one and two. In this instance the patients should be treated with strong opioids such as morphine, dilaudid, and Demerol (Clasen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Morphine is one of the most commonly used opioids because there is no therapeutic ceiling and extremely large doses can be used safely and effectively if the drug is titrated properly (Clasen, Jonas and Whitecar, 2000). Part of treating every person as an individual and respecting them as an individual is being sure to respect their autonomy. This principle applies here because to be able to treat a person that is in pain, they have to be assessed individually and be treated according to their individual needs. Every person feels pain differently and every person has a different threshold for pain. What is considered mildly painful to one person may be severe to excruciating to the next. As a health care member you have to be able to allow the patient to express what they are feeling and to allow them to be involved in the decisions regarding their pain management. The ability for them to be able to make decisions allows the people that are dying the ability to be able to have some form of control of how they live the last part of their lives. Allowing the dying person to make small decisions such as whether or not they receive pain medication allows the person to feel as though they still have a voice and a place within the world that they are about to leave. The fear usually involved with giving dying patients pain medication is hastening the death process. However, as the health care members the opinions that we may have about whether or not it does hasten death does not matter because the patient has the right to make his or her own decisions regarding their personal healthcare interventions. Due to the fact that pain is mostly a subjective matter healthcare members do not have the authority to decide whether or not a patient is in fact in pain or not. Withholding pain medication in the dying patient would be a violation against the patients human rights by allowing that person to die in pain. Allowing a person to die in pain does not allow the person to be able to concentrate on their spiritual needs, psychological needs, and family needs at the time of death. Violation of the ethical principle of autonomy is a violation of ones human rights. â€Å"There will be times when it easier to surrender to the determination, decisions, and goals of influential parties such as the primary physician† (Andrews, Constantino, and Zalon, 2008, Pg. 94). Furthermore the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses requires that nurses practice â€Å"with compassion, and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual† (ANA, 2001). As nurses we are obligated to do everything within our power to relieve the persons pain when the person is requesting pain relief. It is also our responsibility to reassess the persons pain without prompt by the patient. Another responsibility that nurses own is providing accurate information to the patient regarding the medications ordered for pain, so as to allow the patient to make informed decisions about receiving the medications or not. The next principle is veracity, veracity is when a person tells another person the truth without any form of deception. In this case it would be the health care member speaking truthfully to the dying patient. Under this principle the nurse has the obligation to provide the patient with accurate information about his or her right to effective pain relief. The nurse also has the obligation to provide information about the pain medication being administered. The other thing to remember when this principle is applied is that nurses need to be aware that people that experience chronic pain exhibit behaviors that are vastly different than those who are experiencing acute pain. This becomes a very important principle because there have been instances in which the nurse will just bring in a medication and just tell the patient that the medication is for pain. Little does the patient know that the medication the nurse is administering is tylenol or ibuprofen. The patient trusts the nurse and assumes that their pain will be taken care of. Instead without directly having to lie to the patient, the patient is deceived. Granted the medication given is for pain but, the type of pain being referred to in the end of life is usually moderate to severe and the medications listed above are not made for intense pain. Violation of this principle is what leads patients to distrust the healthcare providers and the care that they are given. From this, patients start to feel they need second opinions and the continuity of care for the patient is then lacking. As we know to be able to properly control pain in our patients it has to be done with trust between the patient and healthcare members as well trust between the nurses and other members of the healthcare team. According to the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses, the nurses primary responsibility is to the patient (ANA, 2001). So, if the patient is not given the proper information about the pain medications being used and it isnt being treated effectively the patient then loses part of their dignity and we as the healthcare members just robbed the patient of any value they might have felt like they had left. Before a person can make a decision about accepting or denying an intervention of any kind, that person has to be completely informed. This begins the discussion of the principle of informed consent. This principle is very important because it allows the person that is dying to be able to continue to make decisions about their lives all the way to death. When administering pain medication to a person that is dying it would be unethical to not inform that person of the affects that the pain medication may have on them. If medication was given to the patient and it either sedated them or it did hasten their death, their dignity and autonomy would have been taken away from them. That person would not have been able to decide whether or not they wanted to make preparations for the remainder of their life. The ability of a person that is approaching death to be able to maintain a sense of belonging and still feel as though they have authority over themselves allows for a sense of calm. The patient is able to make amends if wanted or needed. By informing them of the affects of the pain medications that person can feel comfortable about taking them and as that person is passing they wont be wondering â€Å"what if† when it is time for them to pass. Every person has the right to decide how they are going to die. The benefit of doing it pain free or as close to pain free as they can get is that it leaves the person in a state where they are more able to concentrate on important things. Such things include their spirituality, family, and even death preparations. â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you,† this is a very important saying that we are taught and is reinforced throughout our entire lives. This word of advice rolls into the next principle I would like to talk about and it is beneficence. Beneficence requires that the duty is to help the patient by managing the pain effectively. This principle goes as far as to say that not only will the nurse not harm the patient but is obligated to take positive actions that will benefit the patient whenever applicable. It would be a violation of this principle if the nurse was to give the patient pain medication and did not follow up with the patient to see if the pain has been reduced or if the dosage of the medication needed to be titrated. Any nurse can give their dying patient pain medication but it takes follow through and communication with the patient to ensure that the pain is being managed. The act of giving the pain medication is the part that is considered not doing harm to the patient. The follow through and reassessment of pain as well as dosage of medication is what is considered taking positive actions to benefit the patient. The ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses states that nurses are responsible for their practice and are therefore required to provide a standard of care that takes an appropriate action to manage the pain in their patients (ANA, 2001). This can be stretched even further by stating that they are expected to take action when incompetence, unethical, illegal, and impaired practices are suspected. This goes back to the age old fundamental nursing practice of advocating for your patient. Nurses are to be the advocates as well as the educators for their patients. If a nurse is caring for a dying person that person may assume that after so much pain medication that they will not be able to experience relief and as said before it is then the nurses duty to educate that patient about the ability to switch drugs or to increase dosages in cases of increased tolerance. Non-Malfeasance has a lot to do with beneficence; you wont normally see one without the other. Non-malfeasance is just the simple task of doing no harm to your patient. In the dying patient the nurse has a duty to protect the patient from pain. Suffering plays a big role in this principle. As recalled from earlier in this paper suffering is more of the emotional and mental effects that pain has on the patient. The patient is most likely to suffer if they are not properly medicated for their constant pain. The suffering is what inhibits the patient from being able to enjoy and participate in the final moments of their lives. Allowing the patient to go under medicated and allow their mental capacity to reduce to a suffering state is a violation of the principle of non-malfeasance. This impacts their dignity by not allowing them to eat, dress themselves, helping with a transfer, or walking around if they are permitted to do so. This could result in the patients last and even most precious moments of their lives to be reduced to a non-significant and traumatic experience. By withholding or under treating someone for pain it is indirectly causing harm to the patient. Another way to look at it would be that under prescribing the pain medication is the same thing as inflicting pain on the person. Looking at it from this point has made it so that I look at my own practices and every time that I think about the times that I didnt ask patients if they were in pain I was consequently inflicting pain and suffering thereby doing harm which is a direct violation of the principle of non-malfeasance. The competence of the nurse plays a large role within this principle. To properly be able to prevent doing harm to the patient the nurse must be aware and competent regarding pain and the medications or techniques that are used to manage the pain. â€Å"Further, competence in pain management entails demonstrating a basic knowledge of the nature and action of the drug, proper dosages, the length of coverage, the time it takes for the drug to take effect, the variety of routes of administration, the recognition of drug tolerance, and dealing with problems with break-through pain† (Silverman, Croker, 2001, Pg. 185). When talking about the care of dying patients, it cannot be forgotten that even though the client that is dying needs care, usually that patient is not the only person that the nurse is caring for. Time is one of the worst barriers for most nurses and although everyone that is in the hospital and needs care deserves the undivided attention of the nurse, this is just not reality. According to the principle of justice every patient has the right to be given their â€Å"dues.† This doesnt mean just fairness; it is giving something to a person to which they are entitled. Every dying person is entitled to being as pain free as possible by the healthcare members, especially when it comes to providing pain medication. This can become an issue for nurses caring for these patients because there are not enough nurses to be able to adequately staff to be able to provide the closer one on one care that may be needed. This becomes a dilemma because the nurses then have to then make decisions that result in less care being provided to one or all of the other patients. Under treating for pain in the dying patient is a violation of the principle of justice because everyone is entitled to a pain free death. The technology and advancements are available to make this happen and again this allows the patient to be able to address other needs at the time of death other than concentrating on how much pain they might be in. A good way to help in this type of situation would be a PCA pump, which allows the patient to manage their pain, but also allows the nurse to concentrate more on the other needs of the patient. Allowing the patient the extra time and energy to spend with their families or to spend relaxing is a right that all people have and should be upheld to the very last breathe that the person takes. Although administering pain medication to dying patients that are in pain produces a good effect by relieving the patients pain, it can also produce a negative affect that was unintended such as hastening death. The principle that this relates to is the principle of double effect. The true definition of this principle is that the â€Å"action that is good in itself that has two effects, an intended and otherwise not reasonably attainable good effect, and an unintended yet unforeseen evil effect† (NCBC, 2006). This principle has to be considered when there is a question or a discrepancy between doing good (beneficence) and doing no harm (non-malfeasance). The problem with this principle is that most healthcare professionals believe in it and therefore giving higher dosages of pain medication does in fact hasten death. Studies have been performed and revealed that although 89% of physicians and nurses agreed that sometimes it is appropriate to give pain medication to relieve suffering, even if it may hasten a patients death (Fohr, 2005). Out of the 89%, 41% agreed that clinicians give inadequate pain medication most often out of fear of hastening a patients death (Fohr, 2005). â€Å"Fohr has found that there is little research to support the notion that increasing the dose of opioid analgesics for terminally ill patients hastens their death† (Fohr, 2005). The belief in this principle has in fact allowed and caused unnecessary suffering in the dying patients. There are also state by state statutes that have been developed to protect health care members in instances such as this. The Indiana statute states as follows: â€Å"This statute provides that a licensed health care provider who administers, prescribes, or dispenses medications or procedures to relieve a persons pain or discomfort, even if the medication or procedure may hasten or increase the risk of death, unless such medications or procedures are intended to cause death is not liable for assisting suicide† (Sexton, 2000). There are four criteria that pertain to the double effect principle and the action has to meet these criterions to make the action morally ethical. The first criteria is that the action has to be good and that the action can be acceptable by Gods standards and must be considered good to the other person as well as yourself (NCBC, 2006). The second criterion that has to be accomplished is that the act that is to be good cannot come from or be the effect of a bad act (NCBC, 2006). So, the act of providing pain relief cannot be as a result of hastening the patients death. Hastening the patients death is in fact the unforeseen effect of the good action provide pain relief. The third criterion states that there is an equal or greater proportion that exists between the good effect of the action and the bad effect of the action (NCBC, 2006). The last criterion suggests that the person the action was used upon has to be moved more towards the good effect of the act of giving the pain medicat ion in the dying person. The untoward effect has to be just tolerated and prevented as much as possible by the healthcare members. To administer the medication to a dying patient in severe pain would be acting morally ethical according to the principle of double effect. The action which would be administering the drug is considered to be a good action because it is relieving a persons pain and suffering. The intention of using the pain medication and administering it was to just relieve the pain of that person; the intention was not to harm or hasten death. Giving the medication to the patient achieves pain relief so that relief was brought about by mean of the good act not the bad effect of early death. Lastly the pain felt by most people that are dying is so severe that treating it is completely justifiable although a side effect could in fact produce an early death. If any of these criteria is violated then it can be considered as euthanasia or physician assisted suicide. Another question to be asked in this scenario is whether or not the action of giving pain medication is proportionate to the condition. In this case the condition is the severe amount of pain that the patient is feeling. There are two principles that are brought up here and they are the principle of proportionate and disproportionate means and the principle of ordinary and extraordinary means. These two principles are usually together and one is not usually applied without the other. These two principles are very important when making end of life decisions because they are about what is considered ethically acceptable when making end of life decisions and which ones are not according to Catholic ethics. These two principles generally refer to life sustaining actions by the health care staff but it can be expanded into what is considered proportionate or disproportionate interventions when caring for a patient that is dying and is in severe pain. In a situation in which a person is dying and is in severe pain, providing them with pain medication would not be considered disproportionate or extraordinary. Giving a person pain medication is not considered making a decision of whether or not that person should undergo or forgo a type of treatment. It is not making the decision of whether or not to sustain life. Providing the person in pain who is also dying is providing that person with a better quality of life for their end of life. The fact is, is that there has not been enough evidence to prove that administration of pain medication does promote an earlier death. It cannot be concluded that the giving of the persons medication and maintaining a persons pain by increasing the medication if needed does hasten death. There is no good or easy answer when tragedies occur. But to try and understand, we must step back and look at the big picture. God made everything perfect. When man sinned, that perfection was spoiled and our entire environment was tainted. The fact is we live in a world where evil abounds. It is rampant throughout every aspect of creation. We are subject to the actions of the people around us. God can and does intervene in some events, but why not others? Only he knows that answer, but the Bible teaches that there will be a time when he will end this world as we know it. In heaven, there will be no more death, sadness, pain, sickness, or suffering of any kind. One reason many of us suffer is because we do things that cause us pain. We dont eat right, so we have heart attacks. We drive carelessly or fast, so we have accidents. We smoke, so we get lung cancer. What about innocent children who are not responsible for their suffering? Why do they get sick? Maybe its because we do not live in a perfect world. God intended for us to have perfect bodies, perfect health, and freedom from pain and suffering. The world He created was originally perfect, just as he had planned it. But evil destroyed our perfect world. When sin entered the picture, it brought with it death, pain, and suffering. Dont misunderstand me, people do not suffer because of their own personal sins, necessarily; but because the world is changed because of sin being in the world. Jesus said, In this world, you will have tribulation. Just as in the case with Job, I believe that evil forces attack us and cause much suffering in an attempt to get people to blame God and turn away f rom Him. In order for God to preserve our rights as individuals (to choose for ourselves), he had to allow us the freedom to sin. He also had to allow the consequences of our behaviors. That means that he does not normally interfere with things which happen naturally in this world, such as sickness and disease caused by toxins in the environment, accidents as a result of risky behaviors, and natural disasters. God does not cause these natural consequences, but he does allow them. However, many times, he does intervene miraculously or work even in the worst of situations to bring about something good from them. Why would God allow anyone to suffer? Maybe so that people can increase their faith in him, increases their compassion for others, or be better able to encourage and help other hurting people (2 Corinthians 1:3-5). When reading through the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, there is one important directive that particularly applies to this situation. Directive number 61 states that all patients should be kept as free from pain as possible. This again goes to say that people that are dying need to be able to die with their dignity intact. It also states that a dying person should not be denied pain medication even if the indirect action of shortening their life occurs. There is one stipulation that applies to this directive. If the medications being used cause sedation of any kind, the health care member has an obligation of informing the patient of the effect. â€Å"The dying person has the right to be able to prepare for their death while being completely conscious† (USCCB, 2005). If for any reason that person is not able to be conscious there has to be a legitimate medical reason behind the decision. Under treating has become a large ethical dilemma in the healthcare world. More often than not there are people that are living and dying in pain. The problem with this is that with the readily available drugs that are out there to treat this problem, they are not being utilized (Miller, 2009). One of the biggest problems that arises is the lack of education amongst the health care professionals. The insufficient knowledge base surrounding the different pain medications and the research surrounding the effects on death has not been incorporated into the plan of care. As stated above the principle of double effect creates a problem for the health care professionals. The belief in this principle prevents them from properly treating the patient who is dying and has a severe amount of pain. The dignity of the patient has to remain as the top priority when approaching death. Part of maintaining a persons dignity is allowing the patient to make the informed decision of receiving pain medication. Every person has the right to a peaceful and painless death. It is essential that patients are given the proper types of medication needed for the type of pain they might be experiencing. The type of pain most commonly referred to at the end of life is moderate to severe pain. This requires due diligence on all health care professionals side of it. If the medication that is prescribed is no longer providing effective pain relief then the drug needs to be titrated accordingly. If the medication being used is at its highest dosage amount, then the drug needs to be changed. If this is the case then the patient needs to be informed of the change and educated on the new drug. This again allows the patient to be able to make decisions in their care, and allows them the sense of belonging that is still needed at the time of death. When the pain is not being managed in a person that is dying it is taking away their ability to be able to have the calm, spiritual, and family and friend oriented passing that is usually needed amongst the dying. By administering pain medication the patient is then able to concentrate on more important aspects of their life. Health care professionals have the ability to be able to control pain and suffering. To allow someone to die in pain or suffer would be not only medically immoral but it woul

Free Will Philosophy Essay

I strongly believe that W. T. Stace is correct while arguing for the view of soft determinism, also known as compatibilism. Stace believes in compatibilism, which states that determinism is true, but free will still does exist. He puts both views together by studying the definition of free will. Stace asks, â€Å"How can anyone be punished or rewarded for his or her actions if they have no control over their actions? † That statement seemed extremely convincing to me because both d’Holbach and Chisholm supported one side of the argument. d’Holbach and Chisholm argued that we are either strictly determined by the laws of nature and physics or that we are not determined, rather being we have the power to do as we choose. Stace on the other hand, put both positions together and made them work together. He explained that the laws of nature and physics do have an impact on our choices, but we do have the ability to choose what we want to choose when making a decision. Outside forces may push on our decision, but we are the ones responsible for choosing what we want to choose. He persuasively defends his view of soft determinism by explaining the definition of free will. He states, â€Å"In order for one to define free will, one must look into how the phrase is commonly used. † The way a philosopher interprets free will is different than the way a common person will do so. Stace defines free acts as acts that are directly caused by a person’s internal thoughts or desires coming directly from the person. Not free acts are those that have outside forces pushing a person to do something a certain way such as a threat or harm. This was very different from what other philosophers have stated in the past. By providing examples of free will, Stace points out that free will clearly does exist. It wouldn’t make sense for free will not to exist since it is compatible with determinism.

Soviet Imperialism And The Soviet Union - 817 Words

The United States and the Soviet Union operated as associates and fought against the Nazi regime during World War II, however, the merger did not last long and ultimately became the Cold War. Americans had for some time been careful about Soviet socialism and worried about Russian pioneer Joseph Stalin s overbearing, ruthless guideline of his own nation. As far as concerns them, the Soviets loathed the Americans decades-long refusal to regard the USSR as a real part of the universal group and also their postponed section into World War II, which brought about the passing of a huge number of Russians. After the war ended, these grievances aged into a staggering feeling of shared doubt and animosity. After the war, Soviet expansionism in Eastern Europe drove numerous Americans fears of a Russian arrangement to control the world. In the meantime, the USSR came to disdain what they saw as American authorities pugnacious talk, arms development and the interventionist way to deal with g lobal relations. In such an unfriendly air, no single gathering was total to fault for the Cold War; truth be told, a few history specialists trust it was unavoidable (History.com, 2009) When the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990, president George H. W. Bush through his secretary of state James Baker promised Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev that in exchange for Soviet cooperation on German reunification, the Cold War era NATO union would not increase â€Å"one inch†. 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